They survived mainly by hunting bison, which were abundant at the time and met nearly all their needs, providing not only food but also hides for clothing and lodge coverings, as well as horn and bones for tools and weapons. In the northern Plains, the Assiniboine and Blackfoot lived a nomadic pedestrian existence. ![]() They enjoyed a milder climate than most of their Algonquian neighbours that permitted the most northerly extension of indigenous agriculture in North America, growing corn, squash, beans, sunflowers and tobacco. ![]() Their homes were 10-30 metre-long ‘longhouses’ made of wood and covered with bark that each housed three to five families. The Five Nations (also known as the Iroquois or Hodenosaunee), as well as the Huron, the Neutral, the Petun and the Erie, lived in villages of as many as 2,000 people in the area around Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and Lake Huron. On the other hand, the nations that spoke Iroquoian languages were much more sedentary. In the fall, they would disperse into kin-based hunting bands for the winter. Generally, the Beothuk in Newfoundland, the Mi’kmaq, Abenaki and Malecite in the Maritimes, and the Algonquin, Attikamekw, Naskapi, Montagnais (now known as Innu), Odahwah, Nipissing, Ojibway and Cree in Quebec and Ontario all gathered in summer at sites of major fisheries to socialize, trade and make alliances. The former were generally nomadic, living by hunting, gathering and fishing. In the east, from the Atlantic coast to the Great Lakes area, Algonquian and Iroquoian peoples mingled and divided the available resources in the sub-Arctic boreal forest and north-eastern deciduous woodlands. The indigenous peoples in this land were divided into a number of nations, which ethnologists classify on the basis of cultural and linguistic characteristics. Painting by Ron Volstad (Department of National Defence). This warrior is depicted as he may have appeared at Crysler’s Farm. Their most prominent service was rendered at the battle for Crysler’s Farm in November, 1813 where they played a role disproportional of their numbers. The warriors from the small Mohawk community at Tyendinaga near Kingston, although few in numbers, participated in much fighting during the War of 1812, seeing action at Sacketts Harbor and in the Niagara peninsula in 1813. Their very presence influenced American decisions to surrender at Detroit, Chicago, and Michilimackinac.Mohawk Warrior from Tyendinaga, Autumn 1813 Every major military action fought in the Northwest included the participation of Native American fighters. soldiers and militia, raised on tales of gruesome acts of frontier violence by both sides, were prone to panic when confronted by Indian warriors. Native American allies provided a powerful psychological advantage to the British. Not surprisingly, Tecumseh and his followers supported the British. regulars and militia toward Prophetstown, where they fought the Battle of Tippecanoe and burned the village. In the fall of 1811 Harrison led a force of U.S. Tecumseh’s activities brought him into conflict with William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory. In 1808 he and his brother, Tensquatawa (The Prophet), established Prophetstown in northern Indiana, from which they pursued their goal. 1768-1813), rose to prominence with his plan for an Indian confederacy. The 1795 Treaty of Greenville temporarily ended hostilities, but pressure on land continued. The Indians of the Northwest had been fighting to preserve their homelands from encroaching American settlers since the 1770s. When hostilities with the British began, two parallel conflicts became one as many Native American groups allied with the opponents of the United States. The Battle of Tippecanoe (November 7, 1811) marked the beginning of a conflict pitting westerners against Native Americans of the region. Fighting commenced in the Northwest of the United States seven months before Congress declared war on Britain.
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